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Inappropriately high sympathetic nervous outflow from the central nervous
system is believed to be an important component in the pathophysiology
of acute and chronic hypertension that stimulates increases in cardiac
output and peripheral resistance. Elevated sympathetic activity is often
associated with desensitization of arterial and cardiopulmonary baroreceptors,
which leads to increased BP fluctuation and sustained elevations in resting
pressures.
Slow breathing (< 10 breaths/minute), especially with prolonged exhalation,
appears to reduce sympathetic nerve traffic and thus causes arteriolar
dilatation. The process is believed to be initiated by activated pulmonary
mechanoreceptors, which respond to the increased tidal volume that accompanies
slow breathing, and act in concert with cardiac mechanoreceptors to inhibit
sympathetic outflow8.
RESPeRATE's Peer-reviewed Articles:
[1] "Treating
hypertension with a device that slows and regularizes breathing: A randomised,
double-blind controlled study." Schein M, Gavish B, Herz M, Rosner-Kahana
D, Naveh P, Knishkowy B, Zlotnikov E, Ben-Zvi N, Melmed RN. Journal of
Human Hypertension ; 2001, 15:271-278.
[2] "Breathing-control
lowers blood pressure." Grossman E, Grossman A, Schein MH, Zimlichman
R, Gavish B. Journal of Human Hypertension ; 2001, 15:263-269.
[3] "Device-guided
breathing exercises reduce blood pressure - Ambulatory and home measurements." Rosenthal
T, Alter A, Peleg E, Gavish B. American Journal of Hypertension ; 2001,
14:74-76.
[4] Nonpharmacologic
Treatment of Hypertension by Respiratory Exercise in the Home Setting." E
Meles, C Giannattasio, M Failla, G Gentile, A Capra, G Mancia. American
Journal of Hypertension ; 2004, 17:370-374.
[5] "Graded
Blood Pressure Reduction in Hypertensive Outpatients Associated with
Use of a Device to Assist with Slow Breathing." W Elliott, J Izzo,
Jr., WB White, D Rosing, CS Snyder, A Alter, B Gavish, HR Black. J Clin
Hypertens ; 2004 6(10): 553-559.
[6] "Non-Pharmacological
Treatment of Resistant Hypertensives by Device-Guided Slow Breathing
Exercises." Viskoper , R, Shapira, I, Priluck, R, Mindlin, R, Chornia,
L, Laszt, A, Dicker, D, Gavish, B, Alter, A. American Journal of Hypertension
; 2003; 16:484-487.
[7] "Blood
pressure reduction with device-guided breathing: pooled data from 7 controlled
studies." W.J. Elliott, H.R. Black, A. Alter, B. Gavish. Journal
of Hypertension ; 2004, 22(2):S116.
[8] "Respiration
and Blood Pressure." Parati G, Izzo JL Jr, Gavish B., Third Edition.
JL Izzo and HR Black, Eds. Baltimore, Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins
in Hypertension Primer , 2003, Ch. A40, p117-120. |